Prof. Markus Affolter’s research group at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and the group of Sven Bergmann at the University of Lausanne have been able to demonstrate that the morphogen Dpp and the feedback regulator Pentagone are key factors responsible for proportional tissue growth in wings of a fruit fly.
This process is called scaling and keeps the body plan of the fruit fly Drosophila constant. Their research results, now to be published in the US journal PLoS Biology, might also be important for organ growth in other organisms.
One of the most interesting and perhaps mysterious questions in developmental biology is to understand how organisms develop from an embryo to an adult with their body proportions remaining constant over generations. External constrictions or factors such as nutrition and temperature generally impact the overall size of an organism but leave body proportions unaffected. Fish kept in too small aquaria, for example, just grow proportionally smaller and flies kept under starving conditions have proportionally smaller heads, abdomens, legs and wings. The phenomenon of keeping proportions during growth is called scaling and has been subject of study for decades. Indeed, how scaling is achieved has until recently not been very well understood.
In an attempt to solve open questions regarding scaling, Affolter’s and Bergmann’s research groups have made a large step forward. In the recent article published in PLoS Biology, they analyzed the scaling process of the Drosophila wing, more specifically the insect’s wing imaginal disc, the precursor tissue of the adult wing. Using a combination of experimental and mathematical approaches, they could demonstrate that the morphogen called Decapentaplegic (Dpp) plays a central role in regulating and scaling wing growth and patterning via the regulation of Pentagone. A morphogen produces different cellular responses depending on its concentration and the two groups now found that as the disc grows, the Dpp response expands and scales with the tissue size. Naturally, the morphogen itself needs to be regulated and controlled. Pentagone, one of Dpp’s recently discovered transcriptional targets, has now been identified as the first negative feedback controller responsible for scaling. Hence, scaling is achieved in the wing due to the feedback loop between the signaling activity of Dpp and its regulator Pentagone. Besides this, Affolter’s group could also show that scaling is not perfect at all positions during wing disc growth and that scaling of the target gene domains is best where they have a function.
Affolter’s group used the wing of the fruit fly Drosophila as a model to study scaling quantitatively during growth. Similar to the micro-macro link - a term used in social sciences - scaling is defined as the preservation of proportions of gene expression domains with tissue size during growth. In other words, proportions found on the micro-level of gene expression are found on the macro-level of wing formation. “Better insight into the molecular control of scaling will have large consequences for the understanding of how nature has developed such robust body plans”, explains Affolter.
